It may help to read this together with the following pages.
Read about UTI (urinary tract infection) [1]
The urinary tract is the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The kidneys filter and remove waste and water from the blood to produce urine. The urine travels from the kidneys down 2 narrow tubes called the ureters. The urine is then stored in the bladder.
When your child does a wee, urine flows out of the body through the urethra, a tube at the bottom of the bladder. The opening of the urethra is at the end of the penis in boys and in front of the vagina in girls.
Front view of the urinary tract
Side view of the female urinary tract
Side view of the male urinary tract
Urinary reflux is the abnormal flow of urine back up the ureters towards the kidneys when a child does a wee. This can happen because the ureters may not close off when urine is being squeezed out of the bladder when your child does a wee. Normally when the bladder empties, all the urine flows out of the bladder through the urethra.
Urinary reflux can be from grades 1 to 5. Grade 1 is the mildest form, while grade 5 is the most severe.
Check some diagrams showing the different grades of urinary reflux [3]
There are a variety of tests your doctor may request to diagnose urinary reflux and assess the condition of your child's kidneys and drainage tubes.
Only a small proportion of children with urinary reflux develop significant kidney problems. In most children, the problem is easily managed with appropriate treatment and monitoring.
Urinary reflux usually gets better by itself as your child grows, especially if it is mild.
The treatment aims to prevent UTIs while your child is young, when they can cause damage to the kidneys. Sometimes, your doctor may prescribe a small dose of antibiotics to prevent UTIs until the urinary reflux improves or gets better by itself.
In most children, no treatment is necessary and your child's doctor will monitor the growth and health of your child's kidneys with scans. This will depend on how severe your child's reflux is.
Regular urine tests may be necessary to make sure there is no infection present. If your child develops any symptoms of a UTI while on antibiotics, take them to your family doctor for an immediate urine test.
In most children, urinary reflux gets completely better in childhood and they have no future problems.
Urinary reflux sometimes happens with abnormal development of the kidneys resulting in a condition known as dysplasia. Kidney dysplasia causes reduced function in the affected kidney. If your child has urinary reflux and dysplasia, their doctor will measure their blood pressure every year.
Children who have severe reflux and repeated UTIs may also develop kidney damage and need further monitoring.
Graphics of the urinary tract reproduced from NKUDIC (the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse), United States.
This page last reviewed 28 October 2021.
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Links
[1] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/uti-urinary-tract-infection
[2] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/Urine%20tests
[3] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/urinary-reflux-diagrams
[4] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/micturating-cysto-urethrogram-mcu
[5] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/renal-kidney-ultrasound-ultrasonography
[6] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/nuclear-medicine-scans
[7] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/node/1852?language=zh-hans
[8] https://www.facebook.com/pages/Kidney-Health-New-Zealand/206096806091572
[9] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/node/1853?language=zh-hans
[10] https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/contact?from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kidshealth.org.nz%2Fprint%2F243%3Flanguage%3Dzh-hans