Key points to remember

• soiling (encopresis) is when your child does poo in their pants after the age when you would expect them to be toilet-trained
• soiling is usually caused by chronic constipation and an overloaded bowel
• soiling problems can be frustrating and upsetting for parents and children (see What can I do to help my child?); older children with soiling are often teased
• you are not alone; there are many children with this problem
• most children with soiling problems have had pain doing poo in the past
• soiling often occurs without your child knowing; it is not deliberate and your child did not develop this problem to upset you or be manipulative
• the treatment of constipation and soiling takes time; most children need to take medication for many months and often years to manage the problem
• children who soil sometimes have other behaviour problems which improve when the soiling is treated

What is it?

Soiling (encopresis) is when your child does poo in their pants after the age when you would expect them to be toilet-trained. Soiling is a common problem affecting many children. It can happen in any child, toddler or teenager.

What causes it?

• soiling is usually caused by chronic constipation and an overloaded bowel (see How does my child get an overloaded bowel?)
• for a few children, emotional and behavioural problems are a factor rather than constipation; these children and families need professional help to address these issues

How does my child get an overloaded bowel?

poo usually comes down and passes out in "single file" if for some reason your child does a hard poo and it hurts, they may try to avoid pain again by “holding on” to the next poo if your child “holds on” to their poo, it gets bigger and harder and stretches the wall of the bowel when the bowel gets overloaded, poo can trickle down (overflow) unnoticed (often when relaxing, exercising, or after food) this is terrible for your child who has no idea what is happening to them the sensation or "the urge" to go have a poo is lost overloading becomes worse; a vicious cycle begins by the time the child sees a doctor, the original cause will have long since gone and the child is suffering from the mechanical consequences of the lower bowel (rectum) being very full of poo overloading can be present even without obvious constipation, as your child can do poo daily but the backlog continues your child is unable to explain that they no longer have control over their bowels

See Acknowledgements for this graphic.

What is the treatment?

Treatment for soiling is the same as for constipation.

See the following sections in the constipation fact sheet:

• What is the toileting habit I should encourage for my child?
• What are laxatives?
• Bowel flush out to empty the lower bowel
• How long are laxatives for constipation necessary?

Treatment focuses on:

• unblocking and emptying the bowel
• keeping the bowel emptying regularly for a few months to allow it to come down to a normal size
• establishing a regular routine of sitting on the toilet
• developing the habit of a soft motion at least once a day

Taking laxatives is important in helping to resolve the problem.

Treatment should continue for enough time to allow the bowel size and feeling (sensation) to return to normal. This is usually for months or years.

What can I do to help my child?

• learn about the causes of constipation and soiling
• establish a regular and consistent routine of sitting on the toilet and taking laxatives; this is the key to helping resolve the problem
• educate and encourage the whole family to be supportive and understanding
• stay calm and be supportive of your child; getting angry will make you feel bad and make your child tense and less likely to be successful
• it is often best to ignore suggestions from friends and family who give unhelpful advice 
• remember the poo is the problem, not your child

Where to go for more information

Children’s Health Camps www.healthcamps.org.nz

Children's Health Camps run a programme for children who have constipation and soiling problems.

 

NZ Continence Association www.continence.or.nz / 0800 650 659

The Information section of the NZ Continence Association website provides information on constipation and soiling.

• KEEA - Kiwi Enuresis and Encopresis Association
• Faecal Incontinence (Soiling)
• Information for Teachers: Children who wet and soil
• Enuresis and Encopresis Links
• Useful Charts
• Good bladder/bowel habits in children 

The Information section of the NZ Continence Association website provides information on constipation and soiling.

• KEEA - Kiwi Enuresis and Encopresis Association
• Faecal Incontinence (Soiling)
• Information for Teachers: Children who wet and soil
• Enuresis and Encopresis Links
• Useful Charts
• Good bladder/bowel habits in children 

Parent to Parent www.parent2parent.org.nz

Parent to Parent offers a support service to parents of children with a range of conditions and can put you in touch with parents experiencing similar situations.

 

Soiled pants: A guide for parents and children (at right)

This is a brochure (available in pdf format) with diagrams. It is designed for printing. 

 

International websites

 

Bristol Stool Chart atWikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Stool_Scale

The Bristol Stool Scale / Chart is a medical aid, with diagrams, designed to classify poo into seven groups indicating constipation, normal poo or diarrhoea.

 

ERIC (Education and Resources for Improving Childhood Continence) www.eric.org.uk

ERIC has a number of leaflets that can be downloaded. It provides information for parents, children and adolescents and for health professionals.

 

University of Virginia Health System (U.S.)

The University of Virginia website provides the following tutorial for patients and families:

• Chronic constipation and encopresis

Acknowledgements

• The Royal Children’s Hospital (Melbourne) Kids Health Info. Adapted October 2006 by Child Development Centre, Waikato Hospital.

• Paediatric Department, Christchurch Hospital
• Paediatric Department, Nelson Hospital